What is the effect of high levels of harmonics on electrical systems?

High levels of harmonics in electrical systems lead to equipment heating and damage due to the distortion of the electric current. Harmonics are voltage or current waveforms that have frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (typically 50 or 60 Hz). When these harmonics are present, they can cause excessive heating in conductors, transformers, and other devices. This is because they increase the RMS (root mean square) value of the current flowing through the equipment, which leads to higher I²R losses (the power loss due to resistance).

Additionally, equipment that's continually subjected to these harmonics can experience reduced lifespan due to thermal stress and mechanical vibrations. Issues such as transformer saturation can also occur, which may result in further overheating and potential failure.

The other options do not accurately reflect the impacts of high harmonics in electrical systems. Increased efficiency and reduced voltage drops are generally associated with clean power systems, while a good power factor is often compromised in the presence of harmonics, not improved. Consequently, it is essential for electrical systems to manage and mitigate harmonics to protect equipment and maintain overall system reliability.